Burnett & Williams - Experienced Richmond, Virginia Auto Accident Lawyers

In nearly two decades of personal injury specialization, Burnett & Williams has achieved notable verdicts, settlements, and appellate results in cases arising from wrongful deaths, medical malpractice, tractor trailer accidents, traumatic brain injuries, defective products, serious orthopaedic injuries,
and other significant injuries. This specialization and the consequent investment in time and resources in each case have been instrumental in our ability to obtain full compensation for our clients.

How the Process Works
One of the most common questions we hear from people interested in pursuing a personal injury case is, “So, how does this whole process work?” Most people are not familiar with how legal claims work, either because they have never been involved in a legal case before or simply because the process and procedure of the law is complicated, to say the least.

We understand that it is important for you to know what to expect when you decide to pursue a personal injury case. Although no two cases are the same, we have outlined a typical case process to guide you through a typical case. We want you to understand what is happening every step of the way.

If You've Been Injured
Choosing a lawyer can be time consuming, stressful, and confusing. If you've been injured, you need compassionate, experienced legal asistance. The attorneys at Burnett & Williams have extensive experience in all types of personal injury law. Contact us for more information and a free consultation. Having difficulty traveling? We will be happy to visit you at home or meet with you in a location that is convenient for you.

Car accident specialists serving : Richmond, Midlothian, Petersburg and Colonial Heights

Wrongful Death

Under Virginia law, whenever a person dies because of the wrongful act of another, a claim or lawsuit may be brought to recover damages for the benefit of the deceased person's beneficiaries (usually a surviving spouse or children). Lawsuits of this type are referred to as “wrongful death actions” and they arise from many different causes, including auto accidents, medical malpractice, and the use of dangerous products. We have years of experience working on these difficult and important cases. While legal action is not something a grieving family member thinks about in the aftermath of a death, in most cases it is important that an attorney be consulted as soon as possible to avoid compromising the estate’s claim. Many of our clients report a sense of relief in having an attorney handle the legal matters for the family.

Tractor Trailer on Interstate I-95

Although we ask the same three questions to victims of tractor trailer accidents as we do to those involved in automobile accidents, the extensive regulation of truckers by the state and federal departments of transportation add a significant layer of complexity to the proper presentation of a tractor trailer claim. Given the size and weight of most tractor trailers, the resultant injuries are frequently much more severe and the issues are often much more technical. We often consult with experienced tractor trailer drivers and accident reconstructionists to assist us in the evaluation and presentation of technically complex evidence. Have you been involved in a accident on the Richmond Beltway (I-295 and VA-288)? Serious injuries can occur that may not be immediately apparent in an auto or truck accident. If you have beeen involved in an accident on the Richmond Beltway (I-295 and VA-288) call us for a free consultation regarding a possible claim. I-95 and 195 pass directly through the Richmond area and have seen many serious accidents over the years. Tractor trailer accidents are common since I-95 is a heavily trafficed north south route. Many accidents also occur on Richmond Avenue.

Jim Williams joined Burnett & Williams in 2006 and operates out of Midlothian and Hopewell, Virginia. Jim has extensive legal experience, both as a plaintiff and defense attorney. His experience as a trial attorney with a large insurance company gives him tremendous expertise in the complexities of Virginia insurance law, which is perhaps the most difficult area of law encountered by personal injury lawyers. Jim began his legal career with a prestigious assignment as a law clerk to a federal trial judge in Roanoke,Virginia. Since then he has had many notable victories, including the leading Virginia Supreme Court decision concerning the admissibility of scientific evidence and a notable decision concerning the law of negligence per se.

Jim is a licensed pilot and lives with his five children in Midlothian, Virginia.

Were you involved in an accident or crash in the Richmond VA 23219 Area? Burnett & Williams can help. Our experienced staff can assist you in understanding your rights. Accidents on I-95 and other Richmond Highways can have tragic consequences. Contact us today. We can help you with insurance claims and representation.

An Effective – but Controversial – Deterrent

Many of us are familiar with the most common speed deterrents, such as a
strategically placed police officer with a radar gun. The problem with this approach is that
it is fairly random, and only a small percentage of speeders are ticketed.
Technology called photo radar had been used with considerable success for more
than 20 years in several countries, including Australia, Austria, Canada, Germany, Greece,
Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, and Taiwan. With this
technology, cameras placed in undisclosed locations take photos of speeding vehicles as they
pass by. Law enforcement is then provided with photographs along with dates, times,
places, and vehicle speeds.
Despite these impressive statistics, photo radar has not yet caught on in America.
There’s stiff resistance because many Americans believe the cameras represent an invasion
of privacy. In Virginia, however, where photo radar is employed, more than 50 percent of
motorists support the technology, and 54 percent of all motorists surveyed in a 2004 IIHS
report favored this approach to curbing speeding.
It’s Up to You and Me
Whether the deterrent to speeding is hi­tech photo radar or simply a police car
hiding in the bushes, the best measure is self­imposed: choosing to drive responsibly. Don’t
get caught up in the “everyone else is doing it” mentality. We have a duty to ourselves, our
family, our friends, and to society to drive within the limits of the law. So the next time a
glance at your speedometer startles you, ease off the gas. This nugget of common sense
will make you even safer and smarter.

For more tips Car Crash Facts from http://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov

• More than 6 million police-reported motor vehicle crashes occurred in the United States in 2007. Nearly 30 percent of those crashes (1.71 million) resulted in an injury, and fewer than 1 percent (37,248) resulted in a death. [Crashes : 2007]
• Fifty-nine percent of fatal crashes involved only one vehicle, as compared with 33 percent of injury crashes and 31 percent of property-damage-only crashes. [Crashes : 2007]
• Half of all fatal crashes in 2007 occurred on roads with posted speed limits of 55 mph or more, as compared with 23 percent of injury and property-damage-only crashes. [Crashes : 2007]
• Midnight to 3 a.m. on Saturdays and Sundays proved to be the deadliest 3-hour periods throughout 2007, with 1,251 and 1,383 fatal crashes, respectively. [Crashes : 2007]
• Thirty-two percent of all fatal crashes involved alcohol-impaired driving, where the highest blood alcohol concentration (BAC) among drivers involved in the crash was .08 grams per deciliter (g/dL) or higher. For fatal crashes occurring from midnight to 3 a.m., 65 percent involved alcohol-impaired driving. [Crashes : 2007]
• More than 6.1 million police-reported motor vehicle crashes occurred in the United States in 2005. Almost one-third of these crashes resulted in an injury, with less than 1 percent of total crashes (39,189) resulting in a death. [Crashes : 2005]
• Midnight to 3 a.m. on Saturdays and Sundays proved to be the deadliest 3-hour periods throughout 2005, with 1,320 and 1,275 fatal crashes, respectively. [Crashes : 2005]
• Fifty-eight percent of fatal crashes involved only one vehicle, compared to 31 percent of injury crashes and 31 percent of property-damage-only crashes. [Crashes : 2005]
• More than half of fatal crashes occurred on roads with posted speed limits of 55 mph or more, while only 23 percent of property-damage-only crashes occurred on these roads. [Crashes : 2005]
• Collision with another motor vehicle in transport was the most common first harmful event for fatal, injury, and property-damage-only crashes. Collisions with fixed objects and noncollisions accounted for only 19 percent of all crashes, but they accounted for 44 percent of fatal crashes. [Crashes : 2005]

Personal Injury Lawyers - Specialists in Auto & Truck Accident Cases P.O. Box 3552 Winchester, VA 22604

• Thirty-nine percent of fatal crashes involved alcohol. For fatal crashes occurring from midnight to 3 a.m., 75 percent involved alcohol. [Crashes : 2005]
• Nearly 6.2 million police-reported motor vehicle crashes occurred in the United States in 2004. Almost one-third of these crashes resulted in an injury, with less than 1 percent of total crashes (38,253) resulting in a death. [Crashes : 2004]
• Midnight to 3 a.m. on Saturdays and Sundays proved to be the deadliest 3-hour periods throughout 2004, with 1,174 and 1,277 fatal crashes, respectively. [Crashes : 2004]
• Fifty-seven percent of fatal crashes involved only one vehicle, compared to 30 percent of injury crashes and 30 percent of property-damage-only crashes. [Crashes : 2004]
• More than half of fatal crashes occurred on roads with posted speed limits of 55 mph or more, while only 24 percent of property-damage-only crashes occurred on these roads. [Crashes : 2004]
• Thirty-nine percent of fatal crashes involved alcohol. For fatal crashes occurring from midnight to 3 a.m., 76 percent involved alcohol. [Crashes : 2004]
• More than 6.3 million police-reported motor vehicle crashes occurred in the United States in 2003. Almost one-third of these crashes resulted in an injury, with less than 1 percent of total crashes (38,252) resulting in a death. [Crashes : 2003]
• Midnight to 3 a.m. on Saturdays and Sundays proved to be the deadliest 3-hour periods throughout 2003, with 1,228 and 1,208 fatal crashes, respectively. [Crashes : 2003]
• Fifty-seven percent of fatal crashes involved only one vehicle, compared to 30 percent of injury crashes and 31 percent of property-damage-only crashes. [Crashes : 2003]
• More than half of fatal crashes occurred on roads with posted speed limits of 55 mph or more, while only 25 percent of property-damage-only crashes occurred on these roads. [Crashes : 2003]

Personal Injury Lawyers - Specialists in Auto & Truck Accident Cases P.O. Box 3552 Winchester, VA 22604

• Collision with another motor vehicle in transport was the most common first harmful event for fatal, injury, and property-damage-only crashes. Collisions with fixed objects and noncollisions accounted for only 19 percent of all crashes, but they accounted for 44 percent of fatal crashes. [Crashes : 2003]
• Forty percent of fatal crashes involved alcohol. For fatal crashes occurring from midnight to 3 a.m., 77 percent involved alcohol. [Crashes : 2003]
• Midnight to 3 a.m. on Saturdays and Sundays proved to be the deadliest 3-hour periods throughout 2000, with 1,271 and 1,218 fatal crashes, respectively. [Crashes : 2000]
• Fifty-six percent of fatal crashes involved only one vehicle, compared to 30 percent of both injury crashes and property-damage-only crashes. [Crashes : 2000]
• More than half of fatal crashes occurred on roads with posted speed limits of 55 mph or more, while only 22 percent of property-damage-only crashes occurred on these roads. [Crashes : 2000]
• Forty percent of fatal crashes involved alcohol. For fatal crashes occurring from midnight to 3 a.m., 77 percent involved alcohol. [Crashes : 2000]
• Nearly 6.3 million police-reported motor vehicle crashes occurred in the United States in 1999. Almost one-third of these crashes resulted in an injury, with less than 1 percent of total crashes (37,043) resulting in a death. [Crashes : 1999]
• Midnight to 3 a.m. on Saturdays and Sundays proved to be the deadliest 3-hour periods throughout 1999, with 1,215 and 1,182 fatal crashes, respectively. [Crashes : 1999]
• Fifty-six percent of fatal crashes involved only one vehicle, compared to 28 percent of both injury crashes and property-damage-only crashes. [Crashes : 1999]
• More than half of fatal crashes occurred on roads with posted speed limits of 55 mph or more, while only 22 percent of property-damage-only crashes occurred on these roads. [Crashes : 1999]

Were you involved in an accident or crash in the Richmond Virginia Area? Burnett & Williams can help. Our experienced staff can assist you in understanding your rights. Accidents on I-81 can have tragic consequences. Contact us today.

* More than 94 percent of the 11 million vehicles involved in motor vehicle crashes in 2005 were passenger cars or light trucks. [Vehicles : 2005]

* Large trucks accounted for 8 percent of the vehicles in fatal crashes, but only 3 percent of the vehicles involved in injury crashes and 5 percent of the vehicles involved in property-damage-only crashes. Of the 4,932 large trucks involved in fatal crashes, 74 percent were combination trucks. [Vehicles : 2005]

* The proportion of vehicles that rolled over in fatal crashes (21.1 percent) was 4 times as high as the proportion in injury crashes (5.3 percent) and 16 times as high as the proportion in property-damage-only crashes (1.3 percent). [Vehicles : 2005]

* Compared with other vehicle types, utility vehicles experienced the highest rollover rates in fatal crashes (35.4 percent) and in property-damage-only crashes (2.6 percent). Large trucks experienced the highest rollover rate in injury crashes (9.9 percent). [Vehicles : 2005]

* Fires occurred in 0.1 percent of the vehicles involved in all traffic crashes in 2005. For fatal crashes, however, fires occurred in 3 percent of the vehicles involved. [Vehicles : 2005]

* Regardless of crash severity, the majority of vehicles in single- and two-vehicle crashes were going straight prior to the crash. The next most common vehicle maneuver differed by crash severity: negotiating a curve for fatal crashes, turning left for injury crashes, and stopped in traffic lane for property-damage-only crashes. [Vehicles : 2005]

* Motorcycles in fatal crashes had the highest proportion of collisions with fixed objects (26.0 percent), and buses in fatal crashes had the lowest proportion (2.2 percent). [Vehicles : 2005]

* Nearly 95 percent of the 11 million vehicles involved in motor vehicle crashes in 2004 were passenger cars or light trucks. [Vehicles : 2004]

* Large trucks accounted for 8 percent of the vehicles in fatal crashes, but only 3 percent of the vehicles involved in injury and 4 percent of the vehicles involved in property-damage-only crashes. Of the 4,862 large trucks involved in fatal crashes, 74 percent were combination trucks. [Vehicles : 2004]

* The proportion of vehicles that rolled over in fatal crashes (20.5 percent) was 4 times as high as the proportion in injury crashes (5.0 percent) and 16 times as high as the proportion in property-damage-only crashes (1.3 percent). [Vehicles : 2004]

* Compared with other vehicle types, utility vehicles experienced the highest rollover rates: 36.2 percent in fatal crashes, 9.6 percent in injury crashes, and 2.4 percent in property-damage-only crashes. [Vehicles : 2004]

* Fires occurred in 0.1 percent of the vehicles involved in all traffic crashes in 2004. For fatal crashes, however, fires occurred in nearly 3 percent of the vehicles involved. [Vehicles : 2004]

Personal Injury Lawyers - Specialists in Auto & Truck Accident Cases 6 West Broad Street Richmond, VA 23219

* Regardless of crash severity, the majority of vehicles in single- and two-vehicle crashes were going straight prior to the crash. The next most common vehicle maneuver differed by crash severity: negotiating a curve for fatal crashes, turning left for injury crashes, and stopped in traffic lane for property-damage-only crashes. [Vehicles : 2004]

* Motorcycles in fatal crashes had the highest proportion of collisions with fixed objects (26.4 percent), and buses in fatal crashes had the lowest proportion (2.2 percent). [Vehicles : 2004]

* Nearly 95 percent of the 11 million vehicles involved in motor vehicle crashes in 2003 were passenger cars or light trucks. [Vehicles : 2003]

* Large trucks accounted for 8 percent of the vehicles in fatal crashes, but only 3 percent of the vehicles involved in injury and 5 percent of the vehicles involved in property-damageonly crashes. Of the 4,669 large trucks involved in fatal crashes, 75 percent were combination trucks. [Vehicles : 2003]

* The proportion of vehicles that rolled over in fatal crashes (20.0 percent) was 4 times as high as the proportion in injury crashes (4.9 percent) and 15 times as high as the proportion in property-damage-only crashes (1.3 percent). [Vehicles : 2003]

* Compared with other vehicle types, utility vehicles experienced the highest rollover rates: 35.7 percent in fatal crashes, 10.3 percent in injury crashes, and 2.8 percent in property-damage-only crashes. [Vehicles : 2003]

* Fires occurred in 0.1 percent of the vehicles involved in all traffic crashes in 2003. For fatal crashes, however, fires occurred in nearly 3 percent of the vehicles involved. [Vehicles : 2003]

* Regardless of crash severity, the majority of vehicles in single- and two-vehicle crashes were going straight prior to the crash. The next most common vehicle maneuver differed by crash severity: negotiating a curve for fatal crashes, turning left for injury crashes, and stopped in traffic lane for property-damage-only crashes. [Vehicles : 2003]

* Motorcycles in fatal crashes had the highest proportion of collisions with fixed objects (24.6 percent), and buses in fatal crashes had the lowest proportion (2.1 percent). [Vehicles : 2003]

* The proportion of vehicles that rolled over in fatal crashes (19.1 percent) was nearly 4 times as high as the proportion in injury crashes (4.9 percent) and nearly 14 times as high as the proportion in property-damage-only crashes (1.4 percent). [Vehicles : 2000]

* Compared with other vehicle types, utility vehicles experienced the highest rollover rates: 36.3 percent in fatal crashes, 12.1 percent in injury crashes, and 2.9 percent in property-damage-only crashes. [Vehicles : 2000]

* Motorcycles in fatal crashes had the highest proportion of collisions with fixed objects (27.3 percent), and buses in fatal crashes had the lowest proportion (2.9 percent). [Vehicles : 2000]

* Ninety-four percent of the 11 million vehicles involved in motor vehicle crashes in 1999 were passenger cars or light trucks. [Vehicles : 1999]

* Large trucks accounted for 9 percent of the vehicles in fatal crashes, but only 4 percent of the vehicles involved in injury and property-damage-only crashes. Of the 4,898 large trucks involved in fatal crashes, 76 percent were combination trucks. [Vehicles : 1999]

* The proportion of vehicles that rolled over in fatal crashes (19.7 percent) was more than 4 times as high as the proportion in injury crashes (4.7 percent) and more than 16 times as high as the proportion in property-damage-only crashes (1.2 percent). [Vehicles : 1999]

* Compared with other vehicle types, utility vehicles experienced the highest rollover rates: 37.8 percent in fatal crashes, 10.0 percent in injury crashes, and 2.5 percent in property-damage-only crashes. [Vehicles : 1999]

* Fires occurred in 0.1 percent of the vehicles involved in all traffic crashes in 1999. For fatal crashes, however, fires occurred in nearly 3 percent of the vehicles involved. [Vehicles : 1999]

* Regardless of crash severity, the majority of vehicles in single- and two-vehicle crashes were going straight prior to the crash. The next most common vehicle maneuver differed by crash severity: negotiating a curve for fatal crashes, turning left for injury crashes, and stopped in traffic lane for property-damage-only crashes. [Vehicles : 1999]

* Motorcycles in fatal crashes had the highest proportion of collisions with fixed objects (26.7 percent), and buses in fatal crashes had the lowest proportion (2.8 percent). [Vehicles : 1999]

* Ninety-five percent of the 11 million vehicles involved in motor vehicle crashes in 1998 were passenger cars or light trucks. [Vehicles : 1998]

* Large trucks accounted for 9 percent of the vehicles in fatal crashes, but only 4 percent of the vehicles involved in injury and property-damage-only crashes. Of the 4,935 large trucks involved in fatal crashes, 76 percent were combination trucks. [Vehicles : 1998]

* The proportion of vehicles that rolled over in fatal crashes (18.8 percent) was almost 5 times as high as the proportion in injury crashes (4.1 percent) and nearly 16 times as high as the proportion in property-damage-only crashes (1.2 percent). [Vehicles : 1998]

* Compared with other vehicle types, utility vehicles experienced the highest rollover rates: 36.0 percent in fatal crashes, 10.5 percent in injury crashes, and 2.5 percent in property-damage-only crashes. [Vehicles : 1998]

* Fires occurred in 0.1 percent of the vehicles involved in all traffic crashes in 1998. For fatal crashes, however, fires occurred in nearly 3 percent of the vehicles involved. [Vehicles : 1998]

* Regardless of crash severity, the majority of vehicles in single- and two-vehicle crashes were going straight prior to the crash. [Vehicles : 1998]

* Motorcycles in fatal crashes had the highest proportion of collisions with fixed objects (30.1 percent), and buses in fatal crashes had the lowest proportion (0.4 percent). [Vehicles : 1998]

* Ninety-five percent of the 12 million vehicles involved in motor vehicle crashes in 1997 were passenger cars or light trucks. [Vehicles : 1997]

* Large trucks accounted for 9 percent of the vehicles in fatal crashes, but only 4 percent of the vehicles involved in injury and property-damage-only crashes. Of the 4,871 large trucks involved in fatal crashes, 76 percent were combination trucks. [Vehicles : 1997]

* The proportion of vehicles that rolled over in fatal crashes (18.3 percent) was almost 5 times as high as the proportion in injury crashes (3.9 percent) and 14 times as high as the proportion in property-damage-only crashes (1.3 percent). [Vehicles : 1997]

* Compared with other vehicle types, utility vehicles experienced the highest rollover rates: 36 percent in fatal crashes, 9 percent in injury crashes, and 3 percent in property-damage-only crashes. [Vehicles : 1997]

* Fires occurred in 0.1 percent of the vehicles involved in all traffic crashes in 1997. For fatal crashes, however, fires occurred in nearly 3 percent of the vehicles involved. [Vehicles : 1997]

* Regardless of crash severity, the majority of vehicles in single- and two-vehicle crashes were going straight prior to the crash. The next most common vehicle maneuver differed by crash severity: negotiating a curve for fatal crashes and turning left for injury and property-damage-only crashes. [Vehicles : 1997]

* Motorcycles in fatal crashes had the highest proportion of collisions with fixed objects (27.5 percent), and buses in fatal crashes had the lowest proportion (1.4 percent). [Vehicles : 1997]

* Ninety-six percent of the 12 million vehicles involved in motor vehicle crashes in 1996 were passenger cars or light trucks. [Vehicles : 1996]

* Large trucks accounted for 8 percent of the vehicles in fatal crashes, but only 3 percent of the vehicles involved in injury and property-damage-only crashes. Of the 4,740 large trucks involved in fatal crashes, 75 percent were combination trucks. [Vehicles : 1996]

* The proportion of vehicles that rolled over in fatal crashes (18.3 percent) was almost 5 times as high as the proportion in injury crashes (4.0 percent) and 15 times as high as the proportion in property-damage-only crashes (1.2 percent). [Vehicles : 1996]

* Compared with other vehicle types, utility vehicles experienced the highest rollover rates: 37.0 percent in fatal crashes, 8.7 percent in injury crashes, and 3.0 percent in property-damage-only crashes. [Vehicles : 1996]

* Fires occurred in less than 1 percent of the vehicles involved in all traffic crashes in 1996. For fatal crashes, however, fires occurred in nearly 3 percent of the vehicles involved. [Vehicles : 1996]

* Regardless of crash severity, the majority of vehicles in single- and two-vehicle crashes were going straight prior to the crash. The next most common vehicle maneuver differed by crash severity: negotiating a curve for fatal crashes and turning left for injury and property-damage-only crashes. [Vehicles : 1996]

* Motorcycles in fatal crashes had the highest proportion of collisions with fixed objects (26.8 percent), and buses in fatal crashes had the lowest proportion (1.6 percent). [Vehicles : 1996]

* Ninety-six percent of the 12 million vehicles involved in motor vehicle crashes in 1995 were passenger cars or light trucks. [Vehicles : 1995]

* Large trucks accounted for 8 percent of the vehicles in fatal crashes, but only 3 percent of the vehicles involved in injury and property-damage-only crashes. Of the 4.453 large trucks involved in fatal crashes, 74 percent were combination trucks. [Vehicles : 1995]

* The proportion of vehicles that rolled over in fatal crashes (18.2 percent) was almost 5 times as high as the proportion in injury crashes (3.8 percent) and almost 17 times as high as the proportion in property-damage-only crashes (1.1 percent). [Vehicles : 1995]

* Compared with other vehicle types, utility vehicles experienced the highest rollover rates: 36.3 percent in fatal crashes, 9.5 percent in injury crashes, and 2.4 percent in property-damage-only crashes. [Vehicles : 1995]

* Fires occurred in less than 1 percent of the vehicles involved in all traffic crashes in 1995. For fatal crashes, however, fires occurred in 3 percent of the vehicles involved. [Vehicles : 1995]

* Regardless of crash severity, the majority of vehicles in single- and two-vehicle crashes were going straight prior to the crash. The next most common vehicle maneuver differed by crash severity: negotiating a curve for fatal crashes, turning left for injury crashes, and stopped in traffic for property-damage-only crashes. [Vehicles : 1995]

* Motorcycles in fatal crashes had the highest proportion of collisions with fixed objects (27 percent), and buses in fatal crashes had the lowest proportion (2 percent). [Vehicles : 1995]

* Ninety-five percent of the 11 million vehicles involved in motor vehicle crashes in 1994 were passenger cars or light trucks. [Vehicles : 1994]

Personal Injury Lawyers - Specialists in Auto & Truck Accident Cases 6 West Broad Street Richmond, VA 23219

* Large trucks accounted for 8 percent of the vehicles in fatal crashes, but only 4 percent of the vehicles involved in injury and property-damage-only crashes. Of the 4.615 large trucks involved in fatal crashes, 70 percent were truck tractors. [Vehicles : 1994]

* The proportion of vehicles that rolled over in fatal crashes (18.0 percent) was almost 5 times as high as the proportion in injury crashes (3.7 percent) and 15 times as high as the proportion in property-damage-only crashes (1.2 percent). [Vehicles : 1994]

* Compared with other vehicle types, utility vehicles experienced the highest rollover rates: 36.9 percent in fatal crashes, 8.3 percent in injury crashes, and 2.6 percent in property-damage-only crashes. [Vehicles : 1994]

* Fires occurred in less than 1 percent of the vehicles involved in all traffic crashes in 1994. For fatal crashes, however, fires occurred in 3 percent of the vehicles involved. [Vehicles : 1994]

* Regardless of crash severity, the majority of vehicles in single- and two-vehicle crashes were going straight prior to the crash. The next most common vehicle maneuver differed by crash severity: negotiating a curve for fatal crashes, turning left for injury crashes, and stopped in traffic for property-damage-only crashes. [Vehicles : 1994]

* Motorcyles in fatal crashes had the highest proportion of collisions with fixed objects (27 percent), and buses in fatal crashes had the lowest proportion (2 percent). [Vehicles : 1994]

Aberrant Intersegmental Motion: Abnormal movement between two adjacent vertebral segments.

Acceleration-Deceleration Injury: Injury syndromes commonly associated with hyperextension-hyperflexion of the neck. Most often caused by a rear-end auto accident.

ACQUIRED BRAIN INJURY (ABI): Harm to the brain that occurs after birth. Usually it means harm caused by pressure on the brain from inside the body. Examples are harm to the brain as a result of heart attacks, strokes, illness, and near drowning.

Active Range of Motion: Range of motion in the cervical, thoracic, lumber spine, or any other joint of the body which patient does under his or her own power.

ACUITY: Sharpness or quality of a sensation.

Acute: A recent onset of an injury or problem. The precise time line of an acute condition can range from hours after onset to 16 weeks depending upon the standard of the particular physician or treatment provider.

Acute Exacerbation: A sudden aggravation of symptoms or increase in severity of an already existing condition without re-injury or trauma.

Adaptive Changes: Changes in a spinal segment which occur secondarily to another biomechanical problem in the spine. This usually involves loss of range  of motion in a specific direction to compensate for the trauma at another area.

Adhesions: Fibrosis tissue and scar tissue that bind together tissues which are usually not attached.

AFFIDAVIT: A written statement made under oath.

Allograft: A graft taken from another person (living or dead).

ANEURYSM: A balloon-like deformity in the wall of a blood vessel. The wall weakens as the balloon grows larger, and may eventually burst, causing a hemorrhage.

Ankylosing Spondylitis: A chronic inflammatory disease wherein the spinal motion segments and the sacroiliac joints progressively fuse, resulting in painful restriction of spinal movement.

Ankylosis: A joint condition of decreased or full loss of range of motion, often due to advanced degenerative changes. A spinal segment which is fused can be said to be “ankylosed”. Also, the fusion of a joint either by advanced degeneration or by artificial means (surgery).

Annular Bulge: A bulging out of the annulus fibrosis, the tough fibrosis outer ring that provides support to the disc, which is diffuse and, usually due to degenerative changes or trauma, leading to degenerative changes. This condition may include partial rents or tears in the annulus fibrosis.

Annular Rent: Another way to describe a tear in the annulus, usually seen during discography, less commonly on MRI, or during surgery. These tears can be traumatic in origin. Also known as an annular fissure.

ANOXIA: A lack of oxygen. Cells of the brain need oxygen to stay alive. When blood flow to the brain is reduced or when oxygen in the blood is too low, brain cells are damaged.

ANSWER: A formal pleading which states the defendant’s response to plaintiff’s complaint. The defendant, in the State of Washington, has twenty (20) days to answer, admit, or deny the allegations in plaintiff’s complaint.

Anterior Disc Herniation: An extrusion of the nucleus pulposus through the front side of the annulus of the disc.

Anterior Discectomy and Fusion: The surgical removal of an abnormal intervertebraldisc and replacement with bone graft and/or surgical hardware for fusion, using an anterior approach to the spine.

Anterior Scalene Syndrome: Compression of the bundle of nerves, veins and arteries as it passes between the anterior and middle scalene muscles. This is a cause of thoracic outlet syndrome or cervicobrachial syndrome, as this is one of the more common areas of entrapment.

Anterolisthesis: A vertebral segment which is moved forward relative to the segment below.

APPEAL: A request by a party for a higher court to review a lower court’s decisions regarding questions of law.

APRAXIA: Inability to carry out a complex or skilled movement, not due to paralysis, sensory changes or deficiencies in understanding.

ARBITRATION: Alternative to trial where parties agree to appoint an individual or panel to make a binding award or decision based on the evidence and testimony presented.

Arthralgia: Joint pain.

Arthrochondritis:Inflammation of the cartilage portion of a joint.

Arthrosis: A disorder of a joint.

Articular Dysfunction: A chiropractic term, which refers to an abnormality of spinal biomechanics involving a loss of normal movement of vertebral motion segment.

Articular Fixation: A loss of one or more joint motions. One of the components of the chiropractic diagnosis of subluxation. See Subluxation. See Hypomobility.

Articular Spondylolisthesis: A forward or anterior “slipping” of one vertebra in relation to another, due to trauma and/or degenerativechanges within the facet  joints and/or the discs.

Atlanto-Occipital: Referring to the articulation of the joint between the occiput of the skull and the C1 vertebra (atlas). See AO Joint.

Atlas: The first cervicalvertebra which moves with the occipital bone of the skull, and the second cervical vertebra in the neck. Also known as C1.

ATAXIA: A problem of muscle coordination not due to apraxia, weakness, rigidity, spasticity, or sensory loss. Caused by lesion of the cerebellum or basal ganglia. Can interfere with a person’s ability to walk, talk, eat and perform other self-care tasks.

Autograft: A graft taken from the patient.

Avulsion: The pulling away of one tissue from another, either by trauma or surgery.

Bad Faith : Actions by an insurer designed to mislead an insured; refusal or negligence of insurer in fulfilling some duty or contractual obligation.

Bench Trial : A case heard and decided by a judge without a jury.

Brachial Plexus: A complex network of nerve tissues in the neck and armpit, which stem from the C5-T1 nerve roots. The brachial plexus contains the nerves going to the arms.

Brainstem: The lower extension of the brain where it connects to the spinal cord. Neurological functions located in the brainstem include those necessary for survival (breathing, heart rate) and for arousal (being awake and alert).

Brief: A written document prepared by an attorney to serve as the basis for a legal argument. It includes a summary of legal points and precedent, together with arguments to be presented to the court deciding the case or a particular issue of the case.

Bursitis: Inflammation of pad-like fluid-filled sacs (bursa) found within the connecting tissue of the joints, as in the shoulder and knee.

Capsulitis: Inflammation of tissues enclosing a joint.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Soreness, tenderness, and weakness of the muscles of the thumb, index and middle fingers caused by pressure on the median nerve at the point at which it goes through the carpal tunnel of the wrist.

Cerebellum: The portion of the brain (located at the back) which helps coordinate movement. Damage may result in ataxia.

Cervical: Referring to the neck. The cervical spine has seven vertebrae (C1 through C-7) which allow for head and neck movement.

Cervicogenic Headache: A headache that originates in the neck.

Chronic: A condition of long standing. Health care providers consider injuries or conditions still existing 12 weeks after the occurrence to be chronic.

Civil Law: Law developed by governmental groups such as statutes, regulations and ordinances enacted by legislative bodies such as Congress, state legislatures, county and city officials. This is different from laws based on custom.

Claim: A demand for compensation.

Claimant: A person who makes a claim or asserts a right. The plaintiff in a personal injury case may also be known as the claimant.

Closing Argument : The chronological and psychological conclusion of a trial. The last opportunity for the attorneys representing each party to communicate directly with the jury and/or judge about their theory of the case, explain contested facts, and argue why their side should prevail.

Coma: A state of unconsciousness from which the person cannot be aroused, even by powerful stimulation; lack of any response to one’s environment.

Comparative Fault: An affirmative defense available to the defendant. Reduction of the plaintiff’s recovery in proportion to the percentage of negligence or fault attributed to the plaintiff.

Complaint: A formal statement filed by the plaintiff with the court that sets forth his/her injuries and damages and why he/she believes the defendant is liable.

Common Law: Body of law developed over a long period of time which derives its authority solely from usage and custom.

Concussion: Any alteration in cerebral function caused by direct or indirect (rotation) force transmitted to the head resulting in one or more of the following: a brief loss of consciousness, lightheadedness, vertigo, cognitive and memory dysfunction, tinnitus, difficulty concentrating, amnesia, headache, balance disorder, nausea or vomiting.

Contracture: Loss of range of motion in a joint due to abnormal shortening of soft tissues.

Contusion, Brain: A bruise. The result of a blow to the head which bruises the brain.

Cortical Blindness: Loss of vision resulting from a lesion of the primary visual areas of the occipital lobe. Light reflex is preserved.

Contrecoup: Bruising of brain tissue on the side opposite where the blow was struck.

Coup Damage: Damage to the brain at the point of impact.

Counter Claim: The defendant sues the plaintiff for damages for which the defendant claims the plaintiff is legally liable or at fault.

Court of Appeals: This court is established to review appeals from the trial court. It can affirm or overturn, in whole or in part, a trial court’s decision. A party has a legal right to appeal any final decision of a superior court to the Court of Appeals.

Craniosacral Therapy: A manipulation-based therapy first developed by William Sutherland, D.O. It is based upon the belief that cranial plates are mobile and connected to the spinal cord and sacrum through the meninges. Some techniques concentrate on detecting cranial plates that are “out of place” and correcting these dysfunctions. While controversial, many patients report relief of headaches and tempormandibular joint pain with the technique.

Crepitus: Crunching, rubbing or snapping sounds heard or felt when moving a joint.

Cross Claim: The defendant brings a claim against another defendant in the same lawsuit or identifies a new party not previously named by the plaintiff in the lawsuit, asserting that party is responsible for the plaintiff’s damages.

Cross Examination: The questioning of a witness by the adverse party.

CT Discogram: A discogram followed by a CT Scan. The CT scan allows visualization of the disc structure following the injection of radiographic dye during the discography procedure.

CT Myelogram: A myelogram followed by a CT scan. This technique visualizes the spinal nerves as they relate to the surrounding bony structures. This study is commonly used for surgical planning.

CT Scan: Also called CAT scan, Computer Tomography, Computer Assisted Tomography, or Computer Axial Tomography. The use of x-ray energy passing through the body at different angles and processed through a computer to produce a cross-sectional (axial) image of an area of the body. The current term, CT Scan, is the most accurate since reformatting has allowed other planes to be imaged besides just the axial plane.

Cubital Tunnel Syndrome: “Cubital tunnel” refers to a passageway along the inner part of the elbow bounded by bones, muscles and ligaments. Cubital Tunnel Syndrome involves symptoms of numbness, tingling, or weakness of the pinky and ring fingers due to compression of the ulnar nerve passing through the cubital tunnel.

Decerebrate Posture (Decerebrate Rigidity): Exaggerated posture of extension as a result of a lesion to the prepontine area of the brainstem, and is rarely seen fully developed in humans. In reporting, it is preferable to describe the posture seen.

Decompression: In spine surgery, the term refers to the lessening of pressure on a nerve root, spinal nerve or the spinal chord. This is also a manual therapy term referring to the lessening of pressure on a nerve or joint through manual traction.

Decorticate Posture (Decorticate Rigidity): Exaggerated posture of upper extremity flexion and lower extremity extension as a result of a lesion to the mesencephalon or above. In reporting, it is preferable to describe the posture seen.

Decree: A judgment or order issued by a court.

Decubitus: Pressure area, bed sore, skin opening, skin breakdown. A discolored or open area of skin damage caused by pressure. Common areas most prone to breakdown are buttocks or backside, hips, shoulder blades, heels, ankles and elbows.

Deep Tendon Reflex Test: A physical exam technique used to determine the existence and functioning of the nerves connected to the tested muscle. With proper technique, in normal patients, striking the tendon of the muscle will elicit a standard contraction of the muscle, thus assuring the reflex “arc” is intact. Disruption of either the sensory or motor pathways will affect the reflex.

Default Judgment: When a defendant fails to formally answer a plaintiff’s complaint in a timely manner, the plaintiff may ask the court to enter a judgment against the defendant. Most often in personal injury cases, these judgments are set aside once the defendant begins to comply with the rules and initiates a formal defense by filing an answer.

Defendant: The party the plaintiff claims is responsible for his/her damages and from whom the plaintiff seeks some form of relief.

Degenerative Changes: Degeneration of any joint due to wear and tear, trauma, or unusual postures. The degenerative changes include discspace narrowing, osteophytes or bony spurring. These type of changes can be seen both on x-ray and MRI imaging.

Degenerative Disc Disease: An intervertebral disc, which has suffered the effects of the aging process or the effects of trauma. A disc becomes degenerated over time, often spanning years. Often there are small circumferential tears in the annulus fibrosis, the tough outer covering of the disc. A degenerated disc is also characterized by a loss of its height due to a drying-out of the nucleus pulposus, the gelatinous material inside the disc. It is often caused by a loss of motion between the vertebrae above and below, thus decreasing the mechanical flow of nutrients to the disc.

Degenerative Facet Joints: Facet joints, which, as a result of age and time or trauma, have signs of arthritic changes. The degenerative arthritic changes may include thinning of joint spaces, changes in the joint and cartilage surfaces, and inflammation of the joint and connecting tissues of the joint. Degenerative facet joints may or may not be symptomatic.

Degenerative Joint Disease: (DJD) In the spine, DJD refers to the inflammatory changes in the facet joint, also known as the zygapophyseal joints of the vertebral bodies. These changes often lead to bone changes and reduced range of motion at the joint. Degenerative joint disease is not limited to the spine.

Degenerative Symptoms: Pain and physical restrictions are a result of degenerative changes usually in the weight-bearing joints of the body.

Demand Letter: A letter expressly stating a legal right and an amount due as reasonable compensation for injuries to person and/or property.

Denervation: The blocking of a nerve supply by trauma, degeneration or surgery.

Deposition: A form of discovery whereby the attorney calling for the deposition has the right to ask questions and obtain answers from a party, witness, or expert while that individual is under oath. Notice of the deposition must be served on the party or witness five (5) days in advance of the date of the deposition unless the parties agree otherwise. A court reporter makes a word-for-word record of all that is said at the deposition.

Dermatome: A specific sensory nerve distribution pattern, which can be outlined or traced on the skin.

Dessication: Dehydration of an intervertebral disc.

Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI): A shearing injury of large nerve fibers (axons covered with myelin) in many areas of the brain. It appears to be one of the two primary lesions of brain injury, the other being stretching or shearing of blood vessels from the same forces, producing hemorrhage.

Diffuse Brain Injury: Injury to cells in many areas of the brain rather than in one specific location.

Diplopia: Seeing two images of a single object; double vision.

Direct Examination: The questioning of a witness by the attorney for the party on whose behalf the witness is called.

Disc Bulge: A broad-based enlargement of the annulus fibrosis extending past the edges of the adjoining vertebral end plates with herniation of the nucleus pulposus into or through the annulus fibrosis. See Bulging Disc.

Discectomy: The surgical removal of the bulging or extruding disc material (nucleus pulposus). Access to the bulging or extruding disc material may be had by removal of the lamina of the vertebral body (laminectomy) or the cutting of an opening in the lamina (laminotomy). Discectomy may be done in conjunction with a foraminotomy and/or a fusion.

Discogenic Pain: Pain coming from the nerves embedded in the annular wall of the disc. Pain can arise from chemical or mechanical irritation of these nerves as a result of damage to the intervertebral disc. The outer portion of the annulushas sensory nerves and trauma or degenerative changes to the annulus can cause pain.

Discography: An imaging procedure which reveals the inner structure and condition of an intervertebral disc by injecting dye through a needle placed into the disc. A CT Scan is then performed to image the disc more precisely. Discography can also be used to determine if the disc is a source of pain, in addition to revealing the disc’s inner structure. Discography is often employed to determine a patient’s suitability for fusion surgery in the neck, mid back, or low back.

Discovery Process: Procedure for examination of documentary and physical evidence, and questioning of witnesses and parties to uncover evidence which is reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence. Discovery may be obtained by the parties through interrogatories, requests for production of documents, depositions, and defense medical examinations. Information that can be obtained in discovery is broader in scope than what is deemed to be admissible at trial.

Disc Space Narrowing: A narrowing of the space between the vertebrae, produced by disc dehydration (dessication) and is often imaged by x-rays. See Degenerative Disc Disease.

Distraction: (1) Application of a force to mildly and temporarily release pressure from a joint. This tractioning of a joint space is for the purpose of releasing entrapped soft tissues, such as the joint capsule or spinal nerve roots. This may be performed manually, by application of weight, or mechanically; (2) An orthopedic test wherein the examiner places his/her hands under the chin/jaw and gently pulls up. This maneuver may relieve pressure from the nerve roots and discs. If the patient feels relief of symptoms, the test is “positive”; or (3) The diversion of a patient’s attention from the primary activity being performed during physical examination.

Docket: A calendar or agenda of court proceedings prepared by the clerk of the court. For example, a trial docket is a list of cases set to be tried at a specified term.

Double Crush Syndrome: A nerve entrapment at two or more places along a nerve. Most typically the diagnosis refers to a carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome, and/or ulnar neuropathy nerve compression at the elbow, co-existing with pressure on the spinal nerve in the neck, causing numbness or tingling, muscle weakness or loss of reflex in the arm or hand.

Dura: The outermost, toughest, fibrosis layer covering of the brain, spinal cord and nerve roots. It also holds the brain in place and contains the cerebral spinal fluid.

Durable Power of Attorney: A legal document that appoints a person or agency to use your money to pay your bills and make medical decisions. Nursing homes or service providers are often appointed durable power of attorney to handle money and other decisions for the people with disabilities whom they serve.

Dural Impingement: Pressure or deformation of the dura caused by bulging disc, bone spurs, or thickened ligaments.

Dysesthesia: An abnormal sensation that a patient reports as uncomfortable that may include burning, tingling, numbness, or “pins and needles”.

Edema: Collection of fluid in the tissue causing swelling.

EMG: Electromyogram or Electromyelogram. A test to evaluate the motor function of the peripheral nerves and the related spinal nerves. The test involves use of a needle to test nerve conduction speed. The method of the EMG is to insert small needles in muscle groups and observe for electrical indications of denervation or loss of nerve function.

Encephalography: Non-invasive use of ultrasound waves to record echoes from brain tissue. Used to detect hematoma, tumor or ventricle problems.

Epidural: Outside the brain and its fibrous covering, but under the skull.

Epidural Block: The injection of anesthetic into the epidural space in order to block or desensitize a specific nerve at particular points of a nerve pathway.

Epidural Space: The space outside the dura of the brain and spinal cord. The dura is the outer membrane covering the spinal cord and the brain.

Epidural Steroid Injection: The injection of a potent anti-inflammation drug into the epidural space around the nerve or joint for therapeutic purposes. It is used to decrease inflammation in the spinal space and spinal nerves and reduce pain.

Evidence: Testimony, writings, material objects, etc. that are admissible and offered by a party to the trier of fact to prove the existence or non-existence of a fact.

Expert Witness: An individual who possesses specialized knowledge through skill, education, training, or experience beyond that of the ordinary person or juror, and whose knowledge will aid the triers of fact (jury, judge, arbitrator) in reaching a proper decision. Often, a health care provider who examines and evaluates a patient in anticipation of litigation.

Extradural Defect: Indentation of the thecal sac or dura by disc bulge, osteophyte, defect in the bone,ligament, cyst or tumor. This terminology is often used by radiologists noting abnormalities on imaging studies.

Fabere Test: An orthopedic physical examination test with the patient on his or her back, the thigh and knee are flexed and one ankle is placed over the opposite knee; the knee is depressed, and if pain is produced thereby, arthritis of the hip, psoas muscle or SI joint is indicated. The name comes from the initial letters of movements that are necessary to perform it, namely, flexion, abduction, external rotation, extension. Also called Patrick’s Sign.

Facet Arthrosis: Degenerative changes of the facetjoints.

Facet Block: The injection of anesthetic and/or steroid into a facet joint using video x-ray or CT scan to assist the practitioner in guiding a needle through the skin. This can be done for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

Facet Hypertrophy: Enlargement of the facet joints as a result of degenerative changes.

Facet Joint Dysfunction: A vertebral motion segment whose joint does not move freely in all directions or moves excessively. Commonly used by treatment providers to refer to a syndrome producing facet joint pain.

Facet Joints: A set of paired joints representing the articulation (joining) of the back portions of two adjoining vertebrae at the back of each vertebra  articulating with the vertebra above and vertebra below. An injured or degenerative facet joint may be the source of spinal pain and stiffness. Also referred to as zygapophyseal joint.

Facet Neurotomy: A therapeutic technique whereby the medial branch nerve supply to the facet is cut. This is done surgically, most often with radio frequency current. See Medial Branch Neurotomy. Sometimes called Facet Rhizotomy.

Facet Syndrome: Pain coming from facet joints. Degenerated facet joints may also put pressure upon exiting spinal nerves and cause radiculopathy and/or stenosis.

Fibromyalgia: A syndrome involving diffuse systemic muscle pain. The diagnostic criteria has been defined by the American College of Rheumatology as pain at 11of 18 tender point sites, presence of subcutaneous nodules, and a history of widespread pain for more than three months. Trauma can be a cause of this syndrome.

Fibromyositis: An inflammatory muscle condition leading to fibrosis and muscle pain, commonly secondary to trauma.

Fibrosis: Abnormal formation of scar tissue.

Fibrositis: A term with multiple meanings that have been applied to myofascial pain, tendinitis, bursitis, capsulitis, and tenosynovitis. Generally it is understood to be an inflammation of connective tissue.

Flexion-Extension Injury: A sprain/strain injury of the cervical spine and adjacent structures caused by a hyperextension-hyperflexion injury. See Acceleration-Deceleration Injury, Whiplash Injury.

Flexion-Extension X-rays: Side view x-rays taken at the extremes of flexion and extension of the spine to detect abnormal movement between adjacent vertebrae suggestive of ligament damage or ligamentous laxity. These views are compared to a neutral view.

Fluoroscopy: An x-ray machine capable of producing both still images and “real-time” motion of the joints or vertebrae. Often used to visualize intervertebral joint motion through flexion and extension of the neck or back or to place a syringe needle at a targeted site.

Foramen: The opening between the vertebrae through which the spinal nerve root and spinal nerve sheath pass to exit the spinal canal. The size of the foramen may be reduced by degenerative joint disease, a herniated disc, bulging disc, bone spurs,facet joint hypertrophy, or by soft tissue (cyst, tumor, ligament, etc.).

Foraminal Compression Test: A physical examination technique which reduces the opening of the foramen which may demonstrate if there is pressure upon the exiting spinal nerve. The test is done to detect spinal nerve root involvement, a herniateddisc, bulging disc, or foraminal stenosis. The patient is seated with the head and neck in a neutral position. Pressure is increasingly applied on the head and neck in mild lateral flexion to either side. A positive result replicates numbness or tingling into a dermatome of the upper extremity. Also called Sparely’s Manuever.

Foraminal Stenosis: A decrease in the overall size of the intervertebral foramen (the bony window through which the spinal nerves pass) caused by enlargement of the facet or a degenerative disc. The spinal nerve passing through the foramen can become irritated or compressed. Severe foraminal stenosis can cause radiculopathy. Surgical management can include enlarging the foremen by removing bone (foraminotomy), and/or fusion to reduce continued facet joint degeneration.

Foraminotomy: A surgical opening of the intervertebral foramen to provide more space for the spinal nerve.

Frontal-Occipital Headaches: Pain emanating from the base of the skull or in the back of the head and radiating to the forehead. This headache pain is often secondary to acceleration-deceleration injuries (also know as hyperextension-hyperflexion injuries or whiplash) involving the upper joints of the neck (O-C1, C1-2, C2-3 joints).

Full Spine Radiography: A method of x-ray most commonly found in chiropractic practice in which a patient’s entire spine and pelvis are produced on a single x-ray film in both the anterior to posterior (AP) and lateral projections. The x-ray film size is typically 14”x 36”.

Functional Capacity Evaluation: A series of tests measuring physical strength, range of motion, stamina, and tolerance to functional activities, including lifting and carrying. These tests can be used to evaluate work tolerance, and the necessity for work restrictions. More commonly referred to as a Physical Capacities Evaluation (PCE).

Functional Leg Length Discrepancy: A short leg which is the result of a biomechanical subluxation complex (inclusive of a muscle imbalance, myospasm, segmental dysfunction or combination of these factors). It is not due to bone length. Chiropracticadjustment seeks to correct leg length difference.

Fusion: A surgical procedure performed to eliminate spinal pain or immobilize unstable joint segments. Can be used to treat degenerative disc disease and to immobilize injured vertebral segments. A bone graft is placed across a spinal segment which then grows together with the patient’s bone and the area is immobilized. There is a loss of motion between two vertebrae that are fused together. The graft can be an autograft (bone taken from the patient) or an allograft (cadaver bone).

All-terrain vehicle injuries at Arrowhead Regional Medical Center (Level II): epidemiology, risks, and outcome.

Thepyasuwan N, Wan XT, Davis VJ.

Western University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Pomona California, USA. nthepyasuwan@westernu.edu

The growing popularity of all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) has contributed to a rise in the number of injuries and fatalities nationwide. The Consumer Product Safety Commission reported 8,104 fatalities from 1982 to 2006 and over 146,600 emergency room-treated visits in 2006 with children 16 years of age and younger comprising roughly 29 per cent in both categories. To investigate the epidemiology and outcome of ATV-related injuries and to explore variables contributing to morbidity and mortality, we conducted a single-center, retrospective study of ATV-injured patients presenting to trauma emergency between 2003 and 2007 at a Level II trauma center. In summary, we witnessed an upward trend in the incidence of ATV injuries during this 5-year span. With 156 documented cases, adolescents aged 17 to 20 years represented the largest group (19.2%), whereas children 16 years of age and younger contributed to 12.8 per cent. Overall mortality rate was 0.64 per cent. Positive blood alcohol concentration was detected in 21 per cent. Individuals using protective gear were 1.4 and four times less likely to suffer loss of consciousness and Glasgow Coma Scale score 8 or less, respectively, compared with those without protection. Abrasions, concussions, fractures, and other life-threatening solid organ injuries were documented in virtually every organ system. With such poor outcomes, we conclude that riding an ATV is an inherently dangerous activity. To minimize the burden of injury, riders are encouraged to develop competency through training courses, compliance with safety precautions, and modification of high-risk behaviors.

PMID: 19886154 [PubMed - in process]
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